- A critical awareness of the relationship between current events and processes and the past
- Critical awareness of differences in historiographical outlooks in various periods and contexts
- Critical awareness of and respect for points of view deriving from other national or cultural backgrounds
- Critical awareness of the on-going nature of historical research and debate
- Awareness of the social role of the historian, the uses and the abuses of history
- Knowledge of the general chronological framework of the past
- Knowledge of the issues and themes of present day historiographical debates
- Ability to communicate orally in one’s own language using the terminology and techniques accepted in the historical profession
- Ability to communicate orally in other languages using the terminology and techniques accepted in the historical profession
- Ability to read historiographical texts or original documents in one’s own language; to summarise, transcribe and catalogue information as appropriate
- Ability to read historiographical texts or original documents in other languages; to summarise, transcribe and catalogue information as appropriate
- Ability to write in one’s own language using correctly the various kinds of historiographical writing
- Ability to write in other languages using correctly the various kinds of historiographical writing
- Knowledge of and ability to use information retrieval tools, such as bibliographical repertories, archival inventories, e-references
- Knowledge of and ability to use specific tools to study sources (for example, palaeography, epigraphy)
- Ability to use computer and Internet resources and techniques for elaborating historical or related data (using, for example, statistical or cartographic methods, or creating databases)
- Knowledge of ancient languages
- Knowledge of local and regional history
- Knowledge of one’s country’s history
- Knowledge of the history of Europe
- Detailed knowledge of one or more historical periods
- Knowledge of world history, global processes and interconnections
- Awareness of and ability to tools of other human sciences (for example, literary criticism, history of language, art history, archaeology, anthropology, law, sociology, philosophy, economics)
- Awareness of methods and issues of different branches of historical research (economic, social, political, gender-related, history of science, history of ideas etc.)
- Ability to define research topics suitable to contribute to historiographical knowledge and debate
- Ability to identify and utilise appropriately sources of information (bibliography, documents, oral testimony etc.) for research projects
- Ability to organise complex historical information in coherent form
- Ability to communicate historical knowledge to a broader public
- Ability to comment, annotate or edit texts and documents correctly according to criteria accepted in the discipline
- Knowledge of the didactics of history
